Chapter 7 : Understanding Output

What is Output

• Output is data that has been processed into a useful form.
• An output device is any type of hardware component that conveys information to one or more people.

Display Devices

• A display device visually conveys text. graphics, and video information
• A monitor is packaged as a separate peripheral.
• Liquid crystal display (LCD) uses a liquid compound to present information on a display device.
• The quality of an LCD monitor or LCD screen depends primarily on: Resolution, Response time, Brightness, Dot pitch, Contrast ratio.
• Resolution is the number of horizontal and vertical pixels in a display device.
• Plasma monitors are display devices that use gas plasma technology and offer screen sizes up to 150 inches.
• HDTV is the most advanced form of digital television.
• A CRT monitor is a desktop monitor that contains a cathode-ray tube.

Printers

• A printer produces text and graphic on a physical medium.
• A non-impact printer forms characters and graphics on a piece of paper without actually striking the paper.
• An ink-jet printer forms characters and graphics by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink onto a piece of paper.
• A multi-function peripheral (MFP) is a single device that prints, scans, copies, and in some cases, faxes.
• A thermal printer generates images by pushing electrically heated pins against the heat-sensitive paper.
• A mobile printer is a small, lightweight, battery-powered printer that allows a mobile user to print from a, notebook computer, smart phone, or other mobile device.
• A label printer is a small printer that prints on adhesive-type material.
• Plotters used to produce high-quality drawings
• Large-format printers create photo-realistic quality color prints on larger scale

Speakers, Headphones, and Earbuds

• An audio output device produces music, speech, or other sounds.
• Headphones are speakers that cover of the ear.
• Earbuds (also called earphones) rest inside the ear canal.
• Some speakers are specifically designed to play audio from a portable media player.

Other Output Devices

• An interactive whiteboard is a touch-sensitive device, resembling a dry-erase board, that displays the image on a connected computer screen.

Chapter 6 : Understanding Input

What is Input

• Input is any data instructions entered into the memory of a computer.
• Instructions can be entered into the computer in the form of programs, commands, and user responses.

An input device is any hardware component that allows users to enter data and instructions into a computer.

The Keyboard

• A keyboard is an input device that contains keys users press to enter data and instructions into a computer.
• Most desktop computer keyboards have between 101 and 105 keys, function keys, CTRL keys, ALT keys, and arrow keys. A numeric keypad on the right side of the keyboard.
• The insertion point is a symbol on the screen that indicates where the next character you type will appear.
• An ergonomic keyboard has a design that reduces the chance of wrist and hand injuries. Ergonomics incorporates comfort, efficiency, and safety into the design of the workplace.
• Keyboards on mobile device are smaller and have fewer keys.

Mouse

• A mouse is a pointing device that fits under your hand comfortably. A mouse can be wired or wireless.

Other Pointing Devices

• Trackball : is a stationary pointing device with a ball on it top or side.
• Touchpad : is a small flat rectangular pointing device that is sensitive to pressure and motion.
• Pointing Stick : is a pressure-sensitive pointing device shaped like a pencil eraser that is positioned between keys on a keyboard.

Touch Screens and Touch-Sensitive Pads

• A touch screen is a touch-sensitive display device

Pen Input

• With pen input, you touch stylus or digital pen on a flat surface to write, draw, or make selections.

Game Controllers

• Video games and computer games uses a game controller as the input device that directs movements and actions of on-screen objects such as gamepads, joysticks and wheels, light guns, dance pads, and motion-sensing controllers.

Digital Cameras

• A digital camera is a mobile device that allows users to take pictures and store them digitally. There are Studio cameras, Field cameras, and Point-and-shoot cameras.
• Two factors affect the quality of digital camera photos : Resolution - is the number of horizontal and vertical pixels in a display device. Number of bits stored in each pixel - each pixel consists of one or more bits of data. The more bits used to represent a pixel, the more colors and shade of gray that can be represented.

Voice Input

• Voice input is the process of entering input by speaking into a microphone.
• Voice recognition is the computer's capability of distinguishing spoken words.
• Audio input is the process of entering any sound into the computer like : Speech, Music, Sound Effects.

Video Input

• Video Input is the process of capturing full-motion images and storing them on a computer's storage medium.
• A Web cam is a type of digital video camera that enables user to : Capture video and still images, Make video telephone calls, and add live images to instant messages.
• A video conference is a meeting between two or more geographically separated people.
• Optical character recognition (OCR) involves reading characters from ordinary documents.
• A turnaround document is a document you return to the company that creates and sends it.
• A bar code reader, also called a bar code scanner users laser beams to read bar codes.
• Magnetic stripe card readers read the magnetic stripe on the back of cards such as : Credit cards, Entertainment cards, Bank cards, Other similar cards.

Chapter 5 Types of Utility Programs and Operating Sys

System Software

System Software consists of 2 programs that control or maintain the operations of the computer and its devices.

• Operating Systems - is a set of programs containing instructions that work together to coordinates all the activities among computer hardware resources.

Eg : Start and shut down a computer, manage memory, automatically update, control a network.

Operating System Functions

• The process of starting or restarting a computer is called booting. Cold boot is turning on a computer that has been powered off completely. A Warm boot is using the operating system to restart a computer.

A boot drive is the drive from which your computer starts. 

-You can boot from a boot disk.

- A recovery disk contains a few system files that will start the computer.

• An operating system includes various shut down options. 1 Sleep mode saves any open documents and programs to RAM, turns off all unneeded functions, and then places the computer in a low-power state. 2 Hibernate saves any open documents and programs to ah ard disk before removing power from the computer.
• A user interface controls how you enter data and instructions and how information is displayed on the screen
• With a graphical user interface (GUI), you interact with menus and visual images
• With a command-line interface, a user uses the keyboard to enter data and instructions
• Memory management optimizes the use of RAM
• Virtual memory is a portion of a storage medium functioning as a additional RAM
• The operating system determines the order in which tasks are processed

A driver is a small program that tells the operating system how to communicate with a specific device. Plug and Play automatically configures new devices as you install them.

• A performance monitor is a program that assesses and reports information about various computer resources and devices.
• Operating systems often provide users with the capability of : managing files, uninstalling programs, searching for files, cleaning up disks, backing up files and disks, viewing images, defragmenting disks, setting up screen savers, securing a computer, diagnosing problems.

Stand-Alone Operating Systems

• A stand-alone operating system is a complete operating system that works on a desktop computer, notebook computer, or mobile computing device. For example, Windows 7, Mac OS X, UNIX, Linux.
• Windows 7 is a Microsoft's fastest, most efficient operating system to date and is available in multiple editions: Windows 7 Starter, Windows 7 Home Premium, Windows 7 Ultimate, Windows 7 Professional.
• Macintosh operating system has set the standard for operating system ease of use. Latest version is Mac OS X. UNIX is a multitasking operating system developed in the early 1970s. Linux is an open-source popular, multitasking UNIX-type operating system.

Server Operating System

• Windows Server 2008 - an upgraded Windows Server of 2003
• Most editions include Hyper-V, a virtualization technology

Embedded Operating System

• Embedded operating system -resides on a ROM chip on a mobile device or consumer electronic device.

Utility Programs

• A search utility is a program that attempts to locate a file on your computer based on criteria you specify.
• An image viewer allows users to display, copy, and print the contents of a graphic file.
• An uninstaller removes a program, as well as any associated entries in the system files.
• A disk cleanup utility searches for and removes unnecessary files.
• A disk defragmenter reorganizes the files and unused space on a computer's hard disk so that the operating system accesses data more quickly and programs run faster.
• A backup utility allows users to copy files to another storage.
• A restore utility reverses the process and returns backed up files to their original form.
• Screen saver causes a display of a moving image if no activity occurs for a specified  time.
• Personal firewall detects and protects a personal computer from unauthorized intruders.

A virus damage the computer program and affects the computer potentially. A worm copies itself repeatedly in memory or over a network. A Trojan horse hides within or looks like legitimate program. An antivirus program protects a computer against viruses.

Spyware is a program placed on a computer without the user's knowledge that secretly collects information about the user. Spyware remover detects and delete spyware and other similar programs.

Adware displays an online advertisement in a banner or pop-up window. An adware remover is a program that detects and deletes adware.

• Filters are programs that remove or block certain items from being displayed such as Web filtering software, Anti-spam programs, Phishing filters, Pop-up blockers.
• A file compression utility shrinks the size of a file.
• Compressed files sometimes are called zipped files that can again be uncompressed.
• A media player allow us to view image and animation, listen to audio and watch videos files on our computer.
• Disc burning software writes text, graphics, audio, and video files on a recordable or rewritable optical disc.

1. The Internet is a worldwide collection of networks that links millions of business, government agencies, educational institutions and individuals.

2. Differentiate the following:

• DSL - Digital Subscriber Line is a type of technology that connects the user to high-speed Internet bandwidth connections across a telephone network. It uses the same lines as your regular telephone service.
• FTTP - Fiber to the Premises also called Fiber to the Home (FTTH) is a pure fiber-optic cable connection running from an Internet Service Provider (ISP) directly to the user's home or business. Fiber optic cables are made of one or more optical fibers, which are designed to carry light.
  
• Fixed Wireless - is the operation of wireless devices or systems used to connect two fixed locations (eg : building to building or tower to building) with a radio or other wireless link, such as a laser bridge. Mostly fixed wireless is part of a wireless LAN infrastructure.
• Cellular radio network - or called as mobile network is a communication network where the last link is wireless. The network is distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver, known as a cell site or base station.
• Wi-Fi - a facility allowing computers, smartphones, or other devices to connect to the Internet or communicate with one another wirelessly within a particular area.
• Satellite internet service - is the ability to transmit and receive data from a relatively small satellite dish on Earth and communicate with an orbiting geostationary satellite 22,300 miles above Earth's equator.

3. Types of Internet Access Provider :

• Cable
• Fiber optic service
• DSL
• Satellite

4. Google Search - commonly referred to as Google Web Search or simply Google, is a web search engine developed by Google. It is the most-used search engine on the World Wide Web, handling more than three billion searches each day. Yahoo! A Web directory developed in the early 1990s by Stanford graduate students David Filo and Jerry Yang. Yahoo! has expanded into a full features Web portal, including a search engine, chat groups, instant messaging (IM), and e-mail.

5. What are three types of e-commerce:

• Business-to-consumer (B2C) is business or transactions conducted directly between a company and consumers who are the end-users of its products or services.
• Consumer-toconsummer (C2C) is a business model that facilitates an environment, usually online, where customers can trade with each other.
• Business-tobusiness (B2B) refers to a situation where on business makes a commercial transaction with another..

6.Static Web Pages - display the exact same information whenever anyone visits it. Do not have to be simple plain text. They can feature detailed multimedia design and even videos.

Dynamic Web Pages - are capable of producing different content for different visitors from the same source code file. The website can display different content based on what operating system or browser the visitor is using, whether she is using a PC or a mobile device, or even the source that referred the visitor.

Chapter 4 System Unit Components

The System Unit
The System Unit contains electronic components of the computer used to process data.
There are few components inside the system unit :

• Drive bay(s)
• Power supply
• Sound card
• Video card
• Processor 
• Memory

-The motherboard is the main circuit board of the system unit.

Processor
-The processor known as central processing unit (CPU) interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer.
-The control unit is the component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer.
-The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison, and other operations.

For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations, with comprise a machine cycle.

1. The control unit fetches problem's instructions and data from memory.
2. The control unit decodes the problem's instructions and sends instructions and data to the ALU.
3. The ALU performs a solving for the problem.
4. The results of the problem are solved and stored in memory.

Most current personal computers support pipelining. Processor begins fetching a second instructions before it completes the machine cycle for the first instruction.
The processor contains registers, that temporarily hold data and instructions. The system clock controls the timing of all computer operations.

• A processor chip generates heat that could cause the chip to burn up
• Require additional cooling systems such as Heat sinks, Liquid cooling technology

Parallel processing uses multiple processors simultaneously to execute a single program or task.

Data Representation

• Analog signals are continuous and vary in strength and quality
• Digital signals are in one of two states: on or off

Most computers are digital. The binary system uses two unique digits (0 and 1) [Bits and bytes]

• ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is the most widely used coding scheme to represent data.

How a letter is converted to binary form and back

1. A letter is pressed on the keyboard, which in turn creates a special code, called a scan code, for the letter.
2. The scan code for the letter is sent to the system unit.
3. The system unit converts the scan code for the letter to its ASCII binary code and stores it in memory processing.
4. After processing, the binary code for the letter is converted to an image and displayed on the output device.

Memory
Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the data.
Stores three basic categories of items :

• The operating system and other system software.
• Application programs.
• Data being processed and the resulting information.

Each location in memory has an address. Memory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or K),
megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or terabytes (TB).
The system unit contains two types of memory :

• Volatile memory : - Loses its content when power is turned off (eg : RAM)
• Nonvolatile memory : - does not lose contents when power is removed (eg : ROM, flash memory, and CMOS).

Three basic types of RAM chips exist : Dynamic RAM (DRAM), Static RAM (SRAM), Magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM).
RAMA chips usually reside on a memory module and are inserted into memory slots.

Chapter 3 Software for System

SOFTWARE for SYSTEM

Application Software : - consists of programs designed to let users more productive with their own tasks.

• To make business activities more efficient
• To assist with graphics and multimedia projects
• To support home, personal, and educational tasks
• To facilitate communications

Examples of Application Software

• Business : - Word Processing, Spreadsheet, Database, Presentation and more.
• Graphics and Multimedia : - Computer-Aided Design (CAD), Photo Editing, Multimedia Authoring and more.
• Home/Personal/Educational : - Software Suite, Tax Preparation, Legal, and more.

They are available in a variety of forms: Packaged software, Custom Software, Web Application, Open source software, Shareware, Freeware, Public-domain Software.

• Package Software - mass production, copyrighted, complete. (eg : Microsoft office, word, excel)
• Custom Software - specific function, use program to tailor custom software. (eg : to generate bills/procedure order/invoice/MYOB)
• Web Application - allow use to use software through internet. (eg : e-mail/google drive/weibo/games)
• Open Source Software - has no restriction from copyright holder, can be download from the Internet at no cost. (eg : Open Office)
• Shareware - no cost for trial period, payment needed after trial (eg : antivirus/photo editor/ autuoCAD)
• Freeware - copyright software provided at no cost to user by an individual or company that detain all rights to the software.
• Public-domain software - donated for public use, no copyright, anyone can copy/distribute software to other at no cost.

System software serves as the interface between the user, the application software, and the computer's hardware.

Business Software : - is an application software that assists people while performing business activities.
Word processing software : - allow users to create and manipulate documents.
Spreadsheet software : - allow users to organize data in rows and columns and perform calculations.
Database software : - allow users to create, access, and manage a database.
Presentation software : - allow users to create visual aids for presentations to communicate ideas, messages, and other information to a group.
Note taking software : - is an application software that enables users to enter typed text, handwritten comments, drawings, or sketches anywhere on a page.

Project management software allows user to plan, schedule, track, and analyze the events, resources, and costs of a project.
Accounting software helps companies record and report their financial transactions.
Document management software provides a means for sharing, distributing, and searching through documents by converting them into a format that can be viewed by any user.

• Enterprises typically require special computing solutions for various functional units.

1. Human Resources
2. Accounting
3. Engineering
4. Manufacturing
5. Marketing
6. Sales
7. Distribution
8. Customer service
9. Information technology

Web Applictaion is a Web site that allows users to access and interact with software from any computer or device that is connected to the Internet.

Learning Tools for Application Software

• Online Help is the equivalent of a user manual.
• You can ask a question or access help topics in the web sites.
• Web-based Help provides updates and more comprehensive resources to respond to technical issues about software.
• Web-based training is a type of CBT that uses Internet technology and consists of application software on the Web
• Distance learning (DL) is the delivery of education at one location while the leaning takes place at other locations.

Cpt 2 : Fundamentals of the World Wide Web and Internet

The internet : - is a worldwide collection of networks that links millions of business, government agencies, educational institutions and individuals.

Evolution of the Internet : -  The internet originated as ARPANET in Sept 1969 and had two goals

• Allow scientists at different physical locations to share information and work together
• Function even if part of the network were disabled or destroyed by a disaster

Many home and small business users connect to the Internet via high-speed broadband Internet service Cable Internet service, DSL, Fiber to the Premises (FTTP), Fixed wireless, Cellular Radio Network, Wi-Fi, Satellite Internet Service.

- An access provider is a business that provides individuals and organizations access to the Internet free or for a fee.
- An IP address is a number that uniquely identifies each computer or device connected to the Internet.
- A domain name is the text version of an IP address [Top-level domain (TLD)]
- A DNS server translates the domain name into its associated IP address

- The World Wide Web, or Web, consists of a worldwide collections electronic documents (Web pages).
- A Web Site is a collection of related Web pages and associated items.
- A Web server is a computer that delivers requested Web pages to your computer.
- Web 2.0 refers to Web sites that provide a means for users to interact.
- A Web browser, or browser, allows users to access Web pages and Web 2.0 programs. For examples, Internet Explorer, Firefox, Opera, Safari, Google Chrome.
- A Web page has a unique address called a URL or Web address.
- Tabbed browsing allows you to open and view multiples Web pages in a single Web browser window.
- There are two types of search tools that are search engines and subject directories

• Search Engine : - Finds information related to a specific topic
• Subject directory : - Classifies Web pages in an organized set of categories

- A search engine is helpful in locating items such as: Images, Videos, Audio, Publications, Maps, People or Businesses, Blogs.
- Some Web browsers contain an Instant Search box to eliminate the steps of displaying the search engine's Web page prior to entering the search text.
- Multimedia refers to any application that combines text with : Graphics, Animation, Audio, Video, Virtual Reality.

• Graphic : - a digital representation of non-text information, graphics formats include BMP, GIF, JPEG, PNG, and TIFF.
• Thumbnail : - a small version of a larger graphic.
• Animation : - the appearance of motion created by displaying a series of still images in sequence.
• Audio : - audio includes music, speech, or any other sound.
• Video : - consists of images displayed in motion.
• Virtual Reality (VR) : - is the use of computers to simulate a real or imagined environment that appears as a three-dimensional space.

Web Publishing is the development and maintenance of Web pages

• Plan a Web site
• Analyze and design a Web site
• Create a Web site
• Deploy a Web site
• Maintain a Web site

E-commerce is a business transaction that occurs over an electronic network. While M-commerce identifies e-commerce that takes place using mobile devices.

• Business-to-consumer (B2C)
• Consumer-to-consumer (C2C)
• Business-to-business (B2B)

OTHER INTERNET SERVICES

• E-mail is the transmission of messages and files via a computer network
• E-mail program allows you to create, send, receive, forward, store, print, and delete e-mail messages.
• Instant messaging (IM) is a real-time Internet communications service
• A chat is a real-time typed conversation that takes place on a computer.
• A chat room is a location on an Internet server that permits users to chat with each other.
• VoIP  (Voice over IP) enables users to speak to other users over the Internet.
• Netiquette is the code of acceptable Internet behavior.