1. The Internet is a worldwide collection of networks that links millions of business, government agencies, educational institutions and individuals.

2. Differentiate the following:

• DSL - Digital Subscriber Line is a type of technology that connects the user to high-speed Internet bandwidth connections across a telephone network. It uses the same lines as your regular telephone service.
• FTTP - Fiber to the Premises also called Fiber to the Home (FTTH) is a pure fiber-optic cable connection running from an Internet Service Provider (ISP) directly to the user's home or business. Fiber optic cables are made of one or more optical fibers, which are designed to carry light.
  
• Fixed Wireless - is the operation of wireless devices or systems used to connect two fixed locations (eg : building to building or tower to building) with a radio or other wireless link, such as a laser bridge. Mostly fixed wireless is part of a wireless LAN infrastructure.
• Cellular radio network - or called as mobile network is a communication network where the last link is wireless. The network is distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver, known as a cell site or base station.
• Wi-Fi - a facility allowing computers, smartphones, or other devices to connect to the Internet or communicate with one another wirelessly within a particular area.
• Satellite internet service - is the ability to transmit and receive data from a relatively small satellite dish on Earth and communicate with an orbiting geostationary satellite 22,300 miles above Earth's equator.

3. Types of Internet Access Provider :

• Cable
• Fiber optic service
• DSL
• Satellite

4. Google Search - commonly referred to as Google Web Search or simply Google, is a web search engine developed by Google. It is the most-used search engine on the World Wide Web, handling more than three billion searches each day. Yahoo! A Web directory developed in the early 1990s by Stanford graduate students David Filo and Jerry Yang. Yahoo! has expanded into a full features Web portal, including a search engine, chat groups, instant messaging (IM), and e-mail.

5. What are three types of e-commerce:

• Business-to-consumer (B2C) is business or transactions conducted directly between a company and consumers who are the end-users of its products or services.
• Consumer-toconsummer (C2C) is a business model that facilitates an environment, usually online, where customers can trade with each other.
• Business-tobusiness (B2B) refers to a situation where on business makes a commercial transaction with another..

6.Static Web Pages - display the exact same information whenever anyone visits it. Do not have to be simple plain text. They can feature detailed multimedia design and even videos.

Dynamic Web Pages - are capable of producing different content for different visitors from the same source code file. The website can display different content based on what operating system or browser the visitor is using, whether she is using a PC or a mobile device, or even the source that referred the visitor.

Chapter 4 System Unit Components

The System Unit
The System Unit contains electronic components of the computer used to process data.
There are few components inside the system unit :

• Drive bay(s)
• Power supply
• Sound card
• Video card
• Processor 
• Memory

-The motherboard is the main circuit board of the system unit.

Processor
-The processor known as central processing unit (CPU) interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer.
-The control unit is the component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer.
-The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison, and other operations.

For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations, with comprise a machine cycle.

1. The control unit fetches problem's instructions and data from memory.
2. The control unit decodes the problem's instructions and sends instructions and data to the ALU.
3. The ALU performs a solving for the problem.
4. The results of the problem are solved and stored in memory.

Most current personal computers support pipelining. Processor begins fetching a second instructions before it completes the machine cycle for the first instruction.
The processor contains registers, that temporarily hold data and instructions. The system clock controls the timing of all computer operations.

• A processor chip generates heat that could cause the chip to burn up
• Require additional cooling systems such as Heat sinks, Liquid cooling technology

Parallel processing uses multiple processors simultaneously to execute a single program or task.

Data Representation

• Analog signals are continuous and vary in strength and quality
• Digital signals are in one of two states: on or off

Most computers are digital. The binary system uses two unique digits (0 and 1) [Bits and bytes]

• ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is the most widely used coding scheme to represent data.

How a letter is converted to binary form and back

1. A letter is pressed on the keyboard, which in turn creates a special code, called a scan code, for the letter.
2. The scan code for the letter is sent to the system unit.
3. The system unit converts the scan code for the letter to its ASCII binary code and stores it in memory processing.
4. After processing, the binary code for the letter is converted to an image and displayed on the output device.

Memory
Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the data.
Stores three basic categories of items :

• The operating system and other system software.
• Application programs.
• Data being processed and the resulting information.

Each location in memory has an address. Memory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or K),
megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or terabytes (TB).
The system unit contains two types of memory :

• Volatile memory : - Loses its content when power is turned off (eg : RAM)
• Nonvolatile memory : - does not lose contents when power is removed (eg : ROM, flash memory, and CMOS).

Three basic types of RAM chips exist : Dynamic RAM (DRAM), Static RAM (SRAM), Magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM).
RAMA chips usually reside on a memory module and are inserted into memory slots.

Chapter 3 Software for System

SOFTWARE for SYSTEM

Application Software : - consists of programs designed to let users more productive with their own tasks.

• To make business activities more efficient
• To assist with graphics and multimedia projects
• To support home, personal, and educational tasks
• To facilitate communications

Examples of Application Software

• Business : - Word Processing, Spreadsheet, Database, Presentation and more.
• Graphics and Multimedia : - Computer-Aided Design (CAD), Photo Editing, Multimedia Authoring and more.
• Home/Personal/Educational : - Software Suite, Tax Preparation, Legal, and more.

They are available in a variety of forms: Packaged software, Custom Software, Web Application, Open source software, Shareware, Freeware, Public-domain Software.

• Package Software - mass production, copyrighted, complete. (eg : Microsoft office, word, excel)
• Custom Software - specific function, use program to tailor custom software. (eg : to generate bills/procedure order/invoice/MYOB)
• Web Application - allow use to use software through internet. (eg : e-mail/google drive/weibo/games)
• Open Source Software - has no restriction from copyright holder, can be download from the Internet at no cost. (eg : Open Office)
• Shareware - no cost for trial period, payment needed after trial (eg : antivirus/photo editor/ autuoCAD)
• Freeware - copyright software provided at no cost to user by an individual or company that detain all rights to the software.
• Public-domain software - donated for public use, no copyright, anyone can copy/distribute software to other at no cost.

System software serves as the interface between the user, the application software, and the computer's hardware.

Business Software : - is an application software that assists people while performing business activities.
Word processing software : - allow users to create and manipulate documents.
Spreadsheet software : - allow users to organize data in rows and columns and perform calculations.
Database software : - allow users to create, access, and manage a database.
Presentation software : - allow users to create visual aids for presentations to communicate ideas, messages, and other information to a group.
Note taking software : - is an application software that enables users to enter typed text, handwritten comments, drawings, or sketches anywhere on a page.

Project management software allows user to plan, schedule, track, and analyze the events, resources, and costs of a project.
Accounting software helps companies record and report their financial transactions.
Document management software provides a means for sharing, distributing, and searching through documents by converting them into a format that can be viewed by any user.

• Enterprises typically require special computing solutions for various functional units.

1. Human Resources
2. Accounting
3. Engineering
4. Manufacturing
5. Marketing
6. Sales
7. Distribution
8. Customer service
9. Information technology

Web Applictaion is a Web site that allows users to access and interact with software from any computer or device that is connected to the Internet.

Learning Tools for Application Software

• Online Help is the equivalent of a user manual.
• You can ask a question or access help topics in the web sites.
• Web-based Help provides updates and more comprehensive resources to respond to technical issues about software.
• Web-based training is a type of CBT that uses Internet technology and consists of application software on the Web
• Distance learning (DL) is the delivery of education at one location while the leaning takes place at other locations.

Cpt 2 : Fundamentals of the World Wide Web and Internet

The internet : - is a worldwide collection of networks that links millions of business, government agencies, educational institutions and individuals.

Evolution of the Internet : -  The internet originated as ARPANET in Sept 1969 and had two goals

• Allow scientists at different physical locations to share information and work together
• Function even if part of the network were disabled or destroyed by a disaster

Many home and small business users connect to the Internet via high-speed broadband Internet service Cable Internet service, DSL, Fiber to the Premises (FTTP), Fixed wireless, Cellular Radio Network, Wi-Fi, Satellite Internet Service.

- An access provider is a business that provides individuals and organizations access to the Internet free or for a fee.
- An IP address is a number that uniquely identifies each computer or device connected to the Internet.
- A domain name is the text version of an IP address [Top-level domain (TLD)]
- A DNS server translates the domain name into its associated IP address

- The World Wide Web, or Web, consists of a worldwide collections electronic documents (Web pages).
- A Web Site is a collection of related Web pages and associated items.
- A Web server is a computer that delivers requested Web pages to your computer.
- Web 2.0 refers to Web sites that provide a means for users to interact.
- A Web browser, or browser, allows users to access Web pages and Web 2.0 programs. For examples, Internet Explorer, Firefox, Opera, Safari, Google Chrome.
- A Web page has a unique address called a URL or Web address.
- Tabbed browsing allows you to open and view multiples Web pages in a single Web browser window.
- There are two types of search tools that are search engines and subject directories

• Search Engine : - Finds information related to a specific topic
• Subject directory : - Classifies Web pages in an organized set of categories

- A search engine is helpful in locating items such as: Images, Videos, Audio, Publications, Maps, People or Businesses, Blogs.
- Some Web browsers contain an Instant Search box to eliminate the steps of displaying the search engine's Web page prior to entering the search text.
- Multimedia refers to any application that combines text with : Graphics, Animation, Audio, Video, Virtual Reality.

• Graphic : - a digital representation of non-text information, graphics formats include BMP, GIF, JPEG, PNG, and TIFF.
• Thumbnail : - a small version of a larger graphic.
• Animation : - the appearance of motion created by displaying a series of still images in sequence.
• Audio : - audio includes music, speech, or any other sound.
• Video : - consists of images displayed in motion.
• Virtual Reality (VR) : - is the use of computers to simulate a real or imagined environment that appears as a three-dimensional space.

Web Publishing is the development and maintenance of Web pages

• Plan a Web site
• Analyze and design a Web site
• Create a Web site
• Deploy a Web site
• Maintain a Web site

E-commerce is a business transaction that occurs over an electronic network. While M-commerce identifies e-commerce that takes place using mobile devices.

• Business-to-consumer (B2C)
• Consumer-to-consumer (C2C)
• Business-to-business (B2B)

OTHER INTERNET SERVICES

• E-mail is the transmission of messages and files via a computer network
• E-mail program allows you to create, send, receive, forward, store, print, and delete e-mail messages.
• Instant messaging (IM) is a real-time Internet communications service
• A chat is a real-time typed conversation that takes place on a computer.
• A chat room is a location on an Internet server that permits users to chat with each other.
• VoIP  (Voice over IP) enables users to speak to other users over the Internet.
• Netiquette is the code of acceptable Internet behavior.